Nature VS nurture †Issues, perspectives and debates in psychology Essay

NATURE refers to our innate potential that is influenced entirely by physiological and genetic factors. NURTURE refers to the influence of the environment into & all the learning experiences we have after we are born. The nature-nurture debate has been hotly debated in psychology. At the outset of psychological research the nature-nurture debate was a point of argument between researchers from the behaviourist tradition and other approaches. More recently it has divided researches with regard to social and racial differences in intelligence. Nowadays it’s hard to believe that something as complex as human behaviour can be completely explained by either side of the argument, it’s more likely to be a product of both, as suggested by the Psychologist Robert Plomin. He would like to see the nature-nurture debate end as he says most human behaviours are not influenced by nature or nurture but by nature and nurture. He makes the point that twin and adoption studies have provided evidence for the fact that there is a genetic component to personality, intelligence and general behavioural disorders such as Schizophrenia and Autism. However the genetic influence on these traits and behaviour is only partial, genetics account for on average half of the variance of most traits therefore the environment must account for the rest according to Plomin. This means that they are interdependent. An approach that belongs on the interdependent side of the argument is the cognitive-developmental approach. A key assumption of this approach is that development occurs through the twin processes of nature and nurture. Piaget believed that children were innately curious and programmed to learn (nature) but they needed the right sort of stimulation and environment to be able to do this adequately (nurture). However a criticism to this approach is that Piaget underestimated children’s abilities, this produces a difficulty in his theories and suggests that children are not the way he envisioned them. This could indicate that they are not innately curious and even if provided with the right environment, don’t learn. This can be compared to the Leaning Approach; a criticism with this approach is that it doesn’t consider the effect of nature, similar to a criticism of the physiological approach, which doesn’t consider the effect of nurture. If the theories are proved false it’s tempting to say that that indicates nature and nurture have no effect individually, but must work together. An approach that believes that nurture is entirely responsible for our behaviour is the learning approach. The learning approach presents the assumption that all behaviour is learnt, through interactions with the environment, and at birth we are a blank slate ready to develop. Evidence for this comes from Watson’s study of little Albert. Albert was an 11-month-old baby when the study began; Albert was presented with a white rat, to which he responded with curiosity. After several sessions the presentation of the white rat was accompanied with a loud noise to which Albert responded with fear. After several sessions Albert displayed fear as soon as the rat was presented even without hearing the loud noise. This showed Albert had learnt to associate the rat with a loud noise, which he was frightened of. Albert generalised this fear with other things similar to the rat such as a white rabbit and a white beard. Albert had learnt this behaviour. So according to the learning approach it therefore follows that nurture is solely responsible for human development. Watson’s study was On the other hand is the physiological approach. This approach presents the assumption that genetics are responsible for human behaviour. For example research into genetics has shown there to be genes responsible for certain type of behaviour and characteristics for example tongue rolling and eye colour, and more controversially research has been carried out to find a gene responsible for homosexuality and criminality. Evidence to support this theory comes from research into Schizophrenia. This research has shown there to be an excess of dopamine in the brains of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia has been shown to run in families, 10 out of every 100 children who have one biological parent with schizophrenia go on to develop schizophrenia whereas only 1 or 2 in every 100 in the general population develop schizophrenia. Twin studies on monozygotic (identical twins) have also indicated that genetics are responsible for schizophrenia, as if one twin is schizophrenic there is between a 35 and 58% chance of the other twin also developing schizophrenia. Of course this is only a correlation and this relationship could be caused by another variable. Twin studies are hard to conduct because the necessary situation doesn’t occur particularly frequently in the population, therefore the sample is limited and difficult to generalise. This affects the reliability and validity of the results. The idea of the causes of schizophrenia is explored further in clinical psychology. Schizophrenia is the most commonly diagnosed form of mental illness; 1% of the whole population will be diagnosed at some point in their lives has having schizophrenia. Schizophrenia doesn’t seem to have one single cause but is rather the product of a relationship between biology, psychology and culture. Which suggests both nature and nurture play a role in the development of schizophrenia. As I said earlier twin, adoption and family studies give the clearest indication that genetics play a role in the development of schizophrenia. 10% of children with a schizophrenia parent will go on to develop the disease. This however, because it’s only a correlation, could be caused by another factor, for example the environment. Studies have been carried out using twins to find out the concordance rate of schizophrenia in twins. The increased risk of developing schizophrenia could be the result of difficulties that have arisen during the rearing of a child by a parent with such a disorganised personality. However adoption studies have been carried out which also suggest that genetics are responsible for schizophrenia. Heston (1966) compared the adopted children of 77 schizophrenic mothers with the adopted children of 50 normal mothers and found the former to be 5 times more likely to be admitted to hospital with schizophrenia. This study also shows that those children of schizophrenic parents were more likely to go on and be diagnosed as psychopaths, behaviourally disordered or neurotic. The study by Heston rules out the possibility that the experience of being adopted leads to the development of schizophrenia as the control group didn’t go on to develop higher levels of schizophrenia. However the sample isn’t large so is difficult to generalise and this type of situation doesn’t occur frequently so it is hard to do this type of investigation.

Egyptian and Roman Empire Essay

Though there have been many greatly noted civilizations of the ancient world one might see those of the Egyptian and of the Roman Empire as two of the greatest. There were many contributing factors to the success of these two societies as well as there downfalls. One reason the Egyptians was a successful in the ancient world was due to their environment. The main reason for the strength of the early Egyptian society was the Nile. The Nile kept a majority of Egypt’s riverbanks full of lush greenery and plentiful natural resources. The Nile provided fresh water, free transportation, endless agricultural possibilities, as well as trade aspects. In ancient times all people depended on the river for their existence. Egypt flourished for 3,000 years because of the people’s ability to harness the power of the great Nile. The importance of the great river is reflected in ancient Egyptians daily life. It shows through in their art, religion, writing, as well as social lives. The river helped shape their society as well as their existence. Religion also greatly affected the Egyptian society greatly. Their religion was one based upon the central idea of polytheism. Where they believed in a series of many gods and goddesses. Even the Egyptian kings or â€Å"Pharos† as they were called, were even referred to gods on earth. Society and their religion were based mainly upon keeping the gods happy and content. Often times offering them sacrifices and other gifts to keep the Egyptian people free of torment and disaster. Everything in life depended on the gods. From fertility, to the rising of the sun and moon, crops, as well as the great Nile. The gods could be fair or vengeful, or so was the theory of the Egyptians. Thus why they tried to keep them eternally happy. Another powerful if not the strongest civilization of ancient times was the Roman Empire. Much like the Egyptians Rome also focused on location as an ideal place for starting a civilization. Rome was a city protected by hills. It had many great routes in out and out of the city mainly used for trade. Since Rome had such a good defensive standpoint a citizen could feel safe living there. ROMs location also added up to a large amount of cultural diffusion being the center of ancient life during its time. The Roman Empire also used every one of its available resources very well. From natural resources to manmade, they used everything. From The great roman military building roads, for travel and trade, which was a large part of roman life. Romans were also very smart, using great techniques in art, architecture, and labor forms. Ancient Rome was the only place to have running water, sewers, roads, as well as an outstanding military. But they also had a people’s republic, which gave the citizen an actual voice in society. Rome also took advantage of war. With every war came more slave labor, be to used in any way shape or form that they desired. Thus making Rome the most civilized as well as the least civilized of its time.

College admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

College admission - Essay Example As I watch my ball roll onto the green, I feel like I could do anything. When I play a hole, playing under par, there is no feeling like it in the world. Of course, golf is not always about great feelings. This game has taught me patience. Sometimes, especially on public courses, rude golfers do not let faster players play through. It can be frustrating waiting on a slow golfer. My patience is also tested when I hit the ball into the water, woods, or a bunker. I usually just take the penalty instead of hitting the ball out of the sand or woods. My patience is also used on my fellow friends who golf. Some of them are only casual golfers, so they joke around and drink beer on the course. This can be irritating when I am having a bad day. I really do not like the distraction, but try to be patient and hold my tongue. Another aspect of my golf experience is losing. I have become a graceful loser, but it is hard. I really hate to lose by one or two strokes. When I lose, I replay the game over and over in my head. Generally the next time, I try to improve my game. I find this productive, instead of getting angry and throwing a fit. I like to watch golf tournaments. The masters like Tiger Woods, Vijay Singh, and others inspire me to perfect my form. Even though I know that I will never be in their league, I try to learn from them. It is amazing some of the shots that the pros make. I watch the Masters, PGA tour, and recently the Ryder cup like others watch football and wrestling. Golf is also another way for me to get a work out. The physical aspect of the sport makes me feel good. Sometimes with school and my other activities it is hard to get outside and be physical. I like to be active as much as possible. Golf allows this to happen. I think it is important to have a way to relax. Golf allows this to happen. I think I will be a better student, because I have found a way to reduce my stress level.

Student Investment Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Student Investment Management Report - Essay Example The firm sells its products to over 175 countries which gives it a very, wide, firm market share. The firm’s objective is to make use of electrical, mechanical and hydraulic power more efficient, reliable and sustainable. The sectors the company deals in include; Aerospace, hydraulics, filtration and vehicle. Eaton’s 2013 revenue was $ 22 billion. Eaton’s business segments include; Aerospace, hydraulics, vehicle and sale of electrical products. Sale of electrical products accounts for the largest revenues followed by vehicles. The Aerospace segment is a leading supplier of aerospace fuel, hydraulic and pneumatic systems for commercial and military use. Products produced in the aerospace segment include; motors, pumps and hydraulic power units. The hydraulics segment is a leader in hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment. The hydraulic segment made 15% of its sale in 2013 to 4 large distributors of electrical products and electrical systems and services. The vehicle and automotive segment is a leading supplier of powertrains and drivetrain systems for fuel economy, efficient performance and safety of commercial vehicles. Components supplied in hydraulic systems include; valves, cylinders and electronic controls. The electrical products and electrical systems and services accounts for the highest revenues for the company. Eaton has a competitive position in this segment. The firm’s competitive advantage includes its leading in aerospace energy efficient systems. Eaton’s hybrid electric power train combine a diesel engine and electric motor to drive the vehicle which is unique and gives the product a competitive advantage. Also Eaton’s diversification into aerospace, automobile, hydraulics and electrical businesses have also reduced the business risk of the company. Eaton has also made a number of acquisitions which have increased the firm’s competitive edge. Eaton acquired Westinghouse

Descartes and Elisabeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Descartes and Elisabeth - Essay Example In her letters, Elisabeth displays her interest in natural philosophy by asking Descartes how something immaterial- Descartes definition of the mind- could influence something immaterial in the form of the body (Clarke 328). She seeks for clarification in regard to the interaction as she notes that for motion to occur there must be impulse which requires contact or extension. Descartes reply to Elisabeth’s question intimated that the interaction was not to be thought of as between two bodies. To Descartes, this interaction could be likened to that interaction which exists between gravity and bodies. Descartes response to Elisabeth was inadequate. His correspondence on the union of the body and mind does not seem to answer the objections raised by Elisabeth. He seems not to have an exact definition and understanding of how the soul and body could interact. Descartes works on the mere assumption that the soul had the capability to do so. He does not substantiate how it does so. He appears to contradict himself by stating that the mind and body are distinct yet the union of the mind and body provides human beings with their

Potential Causes for the Growth of Organic Food Market in UK Dissertation

Potential Causes for the Growth of Organic Food Market in UK - Dissertation Example Potential Causes for the Growth of Organic Food Market in UK 2.1. Relevance of Choosing the Research Topic As elaborated above, familiarity is a significant aspect for the enlargement of the organic food market. Orlikowski, (2010) reported that according to the researchers’ individuals are uninformed about the practises and process employed for organic produces and lots of them are puzzled about the term ‘organic’. In view of the existing market conditions it very vital to identify what customer means by the term ‘organic’. The UK consumer’s awareness about organic food and the reasons that persuade them to demand organic food can be explored by this research. A foundation to appreciate what customers believe regarding organic food is presented by this research. To promote their products, marketers require exploring the motive for demands and apply it as an instrument to even target definite segments. 2.2. Importance of this Research Consumer’s awareness of the product and its production has an extremely significant role in their purchase decision making. The decision regarding purchasing a product can be influenced by familiarity. Even customer is encouraged to procure the particular product because of superior knowledge. It directs and transforms them into habitual purchasers and develops an optimistic attitude about the manufactured goods in them. To promote the product and to seek(target) different segments, causes for product’s demand may possibly be employed as a tool.

Solid modeling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solid modeling - Research Paper Example The invention of the technique of solid modeling gives room for the mechanization of many complicated engineering calculations that are performed in the design process. The historical progress of solid modeling is seen in the perspective of the entire history of computer-aided design. The major milestone of this progress was the development of the system of research known as BUILD, and the commercial supplement of the system, known as Romulus (Siu and Tan 41) This system influenced the development of ACIS, Parasolid, and later solid modeling system. One of the very first developers of computer aided design ASCON, started the internal improvement of its individual solid modeler back in 1990’s (Siu and Tan 42). In 2012, the scientific division of the ASCON turned into a separate corporation and was called C3D labs (Siu and Tan 42). It was given the duty of creating the C3D modeling system as a separate product. Other significant contributions originated from Mà ¤ntylà ¤, particularly his GWB, as well as from GPM project that brought about hybrid modeling systems in the early 1980’s (Siu and Tan 43). It was during this time that the pr ogramming concept of solid modeling known as PLaSM was invented at Rome University. The discovery of 3D CAD/CAM, however, is attributed to Pierre Bezier, a French engineer (Siu and Tan 44). In the period between 1967 and 1968, he came up with UNISURF after his mathematical study about surfaces. This invention was meant to ease the process of designing tools and parts of the automotive engineering. Later, UNISURF developed into the working foundation for the subsequent generation of computer-aided design software. Another influential happening in the development of solid modeling was the establishment of Manufacturing and Consulting Services in 1971 (Li et al. 23). Dr. Hanratty founded this MCS. As computers progressively became more affordable, there has been a gradual expansion of the application areas. The development of

Practicum Learning Agreement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practicum Learning Agreement - Assignment Example Help student to under stand their professions this by motivating the students to solve most tasks and get new ideas of their professional activities through research, Help to solve emerging negative issues of different categories for example communities, groups and individuals. This is through the discussions exhibits where one gets to know the problems the society is facing; it helps create good relationships of different people at different levels. By understanding their way of reasoning, levels of work, their exposure to the new technology and their educational level, Enable one in exhibition. This will help curb the social problem through one on one insertion due to demonstration in discussion thus improving the society and find solutions to the problems faced due to more research and achieve the objectives. The knowledge that the student will get will enable the student to fit well in the marketing industry and to make him become successful in everything that he/she

Strategic Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Financial Management - Essay Example Hence, finance can be interpreted as lifeblood of business (Emmanuel, 2010, p.32). Finance also helps the management in the process of controlling, planning, decision making, evaluation and performance appraisal etc. Therefore, management must control and plan its financial activities to develop a growth oriented organisational (Collier, 2003, p.42). In order to execute operational activities, companies needs to investment for various purposes like capital investments and operational investments, and in this process it is very necessary to evaluate performance of investments. There are some financial techniques which are very helpful in evaluating the performance of investments like capital budgeting and ratio analysis (Williamson, Cooke and Jenkins, 2003, p123). This paper will attempt to present various techniques of capital investments and project appraisal for a business organisation. At first, importance and understanding of capital appraisal techniques will be explained. The ne xt section will present brief descriptions of various project and capital investment techniques. Finally, the conclusion will sum up the entire discussion and analysis. Capital investment and Project Appraisal Since last two decades, there have been significant changes in the field of finance and its various techniques. The modern organisations are using multiple financial theories, models, and tools for enhancing the financial activities. The main reason behind this development is the increasing academic concern. Constant innovation in financial management techniques has facilitated the financial related activities. Besides, managers have to take decisions for allocation of resources in capital investments (Chadwick, 1993, p.143). Hence, the quantitative performance appraisal techniques have also been modified and these techniques have become more accurate and efficient to measure the effectiveness of capital investments. Management or the decision makers have to understand the imp ortant of decision theories to realize the necessity of decision making theories. According to Rapoport (1989), â€Å"decision theory deals with situations in which one or more actors must make choices among given alternatives† (Serfas, 2010, p.16). Before explaining various techniques for capital investment appraisal, it is very necessary to understand the importance of capital investment appraisal for a business organisation. The decision making process for investment is very necessary as it help management to determine the future profitability of any project or capital investments. Michael Pogue defined investment decision as â€Å"involving the company making cash outlay with the aim of receiving future cash inflows† (Pogue, 2010, p.10). Therefore, the process of investment decision making should go through a proper stages for enhancing its effectiveness. The Institute of Charted Accountants has defined four vital stages in this process. These are â€Å"originatio n of proposals†, â€Å"project screening†, â€Å"and analysis and acceptance† and â€Å"monitoring and review" (Institute of Charted Accountants, 2008, p.278). While making an investment decision of project appraisal, it is necessary to consider various aspects of finance to generate relevant and accurate decisions. There are certain macro and micro economic factors that must be considered in

FM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

FM - Essay Example Practicing managers are interested in this subject because among the most crucial decisions of the firm are those which relate to finance, and an understanding of the theory of financial management provides them with conceptual and analytical insights to make those decisions skillfully1. Financial management, as an academic discipline, is concerned with decision-making in regard to the size and composition of assets and the level and structure of financing. To make wise decisions a clear understanding of the objectives, which are sought to be achieved, is necessary. The objective provides a framework for optimum financial, decision-making. In other words, they are concerned with designed a method of operating the internal investment and financing of a firm. These all are done in a systematic way if financial management is studied 2. Financial management is related to profit maximization as a decision criterion. According to profit maximization goal, actions that increase profits should be undertaken and those that decrease profits are to be avoided. In specific operational terms, as applicable financial management, the profit maximization criterion implies that the investment, financing and other decisions of the problem should be oriented to the maximization of profits. Though in our specific proble... In specific operational terms, as applicable financial management, the profit maximization criterion implies that the investment, financing and other decisions of the problem should be oriented to the maximization of profits. Though in our specific problem, financial goal is set up in such a way that of not operating at a loss, financial management is needed at all as the main objective of financial management is profit maximization. Workings for setting up financial goal: Fixed cost: Refurbishment cost 3: 8000 Building fixed overheads: 2000 per month 2000 6 months=12000 for 6 months So total fixed cost= 8000+12000 =20000 Fluctuation of Personnel Contingent 4 100 150 200 250 300 Cost of Goods sold 5 108000 162000 216000 270000 324000 Advanced stock Purchased for 2 weeks 3600 5400 7200 9000 10800 Total variable Cost 6 111600 167400 223200 279000 334800 Total revenue: Spend of customers/ Revenue of the store 7 150000 225000 300000 375000 450000 Total cash inflow Considering Fluctuations: 3000 8 153000 228000 303000 378000 453000 Total cash inflow Considering Fluctuations: 4000: 154000 229000 304000 379000 454000 Net cash inflow (Considering starting Cash as 3000) 9 21400 40600 59800 79000 98200 Remark 10 So to operate the store at not operating loss the minimum financial goal have to be 153000 for six months. Requirement 2: Tools to analyze a project: Ratios provide very useful tools for the manager to assess the organization by making two basic types of comparisons. First, the analyst can compare a present ratio with past (or expected) ratios for the organization to determine if there has been an improvement or

Two Descriptions Essay Example for Free

Two Descriptions Essay Description 1: Positive The new city pool was packed with eager patrons. Some stood in line for the massive water slide they’d been waiting all winter to try. Others took turns jumping from the diving boards. Small children splashed and slapped at the water in the wading pool, their mothers never far from reach. Laughter mingled in the air with the smell of buttery popcorn. Occasionally, a surprised scream would erupt, followed by the telltale splash of someone having been pushed into the pool by a friend. Hot afternoon sunlight glistened on the water. Sunbathers stretched and napped on large beach towels. Off to the side, a father and son sat under the food pavilion sharing an ice cream cone. Description 2: Negative The new city pool was at its maximum capacity with 75 patrons packed inside. Impatient children groaned while they waited in a long, snaking line for the massive water slide. A parade of people jumped from two diving boards. Most of these uncoordinated attempts ended in belly flops. Small children squealed, piercing the air with either excitement or horror at the notion of having to get wet. The stench of fried foods and chlorination permeated the air. Mothers chased their unruly offspring all over the burning concrete just to slather on one more pat of sunscreen. The hot afternoon sun cast a blinding white light over the surface of the pool. Sunbathers in a variety of shapes and sizes lay about on beach towels like lazy farm animals. A few feet away, a father and son sat under the food pavilion sharing an ice cream cone. It dripped a sugary liquid onto the concrete. Ants were already making their way to the fresh mess. Analysis Strategy two can be found in the way the long line for the water slide is mentioned in the second description, but not in the first. In description one, the object for which people were waiting was emphasized. In description two, the long line itself was stated. Strategy two was again used at the end of both descriptions. In the first, the reader is left with the sweet impression of a father and son enjoying a special moment. In the second, the reader is left with the image of bugs invading what would have otherwise been a great family moment. The use of strategy three is evident in the way the smell of the air is revealed. In the first description, it is made to sound delicious (â€Å"the smell of buttery popcorn†). In the second, the smell is referred to as a â€Å"stench†. Strategy four was implemented when describing the sunbathers. Description one emphasizes the large towels, while description two suggests the sizes of the sunbathers themselves are large, like â€Å"lazy farm animals.† Strategy five can be seen in description two when fun and games is suggested through â€Å"a friend† being placed at the end of the lengthy sentence. In description two, the diving board experience is accentuated in a negative way via short sentence structure in the line, â€Å"most of these uncoordinated attempts ended in belly flops†. The most important thing learned while completing this exercise is that attention must be paid to how a writer describes something if he or she is to successfully convey the intended tone.

Training And Development Play An Important Role Management Essay

Training And Development Play An Important Role Management Essay Training and development is a system, a set of activities or process designed to help expand and improve a persons skills and knowledge which are related to his or her job scope. It is also a good way to help to improve the attitudes and competencies of employees. Training focuses more on current and present jobs, whereas development emphasizes more on long term and future jobs. Training and development programs can enhance the capabilities of employees to achieve organizational goals and effectiveness and efficiency of the operations within the organization. Trainings make better for business development and help the company to become more competitive and profitable. Training and development plays an important role in human resources management. One of the reasons is due to the significant changes of technologies in this modern era, where some business functions are becoming older and outdated. If the organization does not introduce new methods of accomplishing tasks and make changes to its existing business functions, the organization will fade out from its market eventually. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for an organization to implement training and development strategies to ascertain that the employees possess the skills and knowledge needed to operate the latest technologies. In addition, training and development programs will help to save cost for a company in the long run. An organization can launch training and development program to train and improve the skills of existing employees instead of hiring new employees to handle a project as the cost of training existing employees will be cheaper than hiring a new employee. Besides reducing the turnover rate of employees, effective training programs will help to increase job satisfaction, motivation and morale of employees. This is because employees will feel that the company cares for their welfare and appreciates their contributions, thus they will be loyal and work for the company for a long period of time. When a company gives its employees an opportunity to learn and develop new skills, they will feel that they have value in the company and try their best to contribute in building a stronger and more competitive organization. In short, training and development programs are essential for increasing pro ductivity, effectiveness and efficiency of an organization besides enhancing the image of the company. The major aim and objective of training and development is to add value to a firms human assets. These programs raise the capacity level of the company and help the company to overcome the rapid changes of technology in the globalized business world. Furthermore, it tends to increase the power of a company to compete with its competitors in the global market. Training and development programs also act as motivational tools to boost the enthusiasm of employees in performing their jobs. This will reduce the requirement for close supervisions and improve the effectiveness, efficiencies and performance of employees in the organization. Content Theories and Concepts Training and development is a set of planned programs and procedures aimed to improve employees capacity and organizational performance. The performance of employees in terms of ones attitude, behavior, skills and knowledge can be improved through the training programs implemented by an organization. Therefore, training and development programs can effectively improve the overall performance of the business. Trainings are normally targeted at technical staff, lower level management, middle and also senior level management. Normally, when programs are applied to lower and middle level management, they are known as trainings whereas when applied to senior level management, they are called development programs. Some general purposes of training and development are to enhance employees growth, improve the quality of workforce, bridge the gap between planning and implementation and help new comers. There are few relevant theories which are associated with training and development, namely the sensory stimulation theory, the reinforcement theory, the action theory, the experiential learning and the adult learning. Sensory theory states that when multi-sensory stimulation effect is great, learning takes place. In order words, efficient training will occur when the senses are inspired or stimulated. Some research found that 75% adults knowledge is learned by seeing, hearing and the other 13% is by other senses like smell, taste as well as touch. Reinforcement theory can be further classified as positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. In positive reinforcement, trainee will repeat the desired behaviour; in negative reinforcement, trainee can strengthen behaviour when a negative condition is stopped. This theory focuses on the significance of experience, meaning, the development of insight and problem-solving skills. For instance, many trainers believe that trainees will develop problem-solving abilities when they are exposed to various situations and varied experiences. Action learning is a dynamic process that involves a group of people solving real-life problems. But at the same time, they must concentrate on what they are learning and how the learning can benefit the group members, the group itself as well as the organization as a whole. Nowadays, action learning becomes one of the key training and problem-solving tools for some large companies such as Nokia, Motorola, British Airways, US Department of Agriculture and Marriott. (Michael, 2004) Experiential learning defines learning as a process of creating the trainees knowledge via the transformation of experience. There are four stages in experiential learning. Firstly, the experiential learning is through concrete experience, which is putting something into practice. Secondly, it is through observation and reflection, in which one objectively analyzes the outcome. Thirdly, it is through abstract conceptualization, in which one review your conceptual understanding. Lastly, it is through active experimentation, which is experimenting to find solution. The diagram below shows the experiential learning cycle and the basic learning styles. stage.jpg Lastly, adult learning is a theory that holds six assumptions about how adults learn and this theory emphasizes on the value of the process of learning. There are six assumptions of adult learning, which are adults need to know why they need learning, readiness to learn, self-concept, motivation to learn, orientation to learning and learners experience. This approach is problem-based and collaborative rather than precept and also focus on more equality between the trainer and trainee. (Benefits and Problems, n.d.) In addition, there are two dimensions of training and development processes, which are the degree of formality and the balance between self-directed as well as other-directed learning. These two choices of the dimensions result in 4 overall methods. For instance, one can take a formal training to self-directed or other directed learning, likewise one can take informal training to self-directed or other directed learning. Trainers make decision about what approach to be taken into training depending on several factors, such as the amount of money which can be invested for training, timeliness of training needed, specificity and complexity of the skills and knowledge needed as well as capacity and motivation of the learner. Undeniably, formal and other-directed learning and development programs are more expensive than other approaches. However, through this approach learner can achieve the desired skills and knowledge in a timely basis. This form of learning is mostly used in colleges, universities and training centres, which normally grants diplomas and certificates. Employee development plans is another form of formal and other-directed training. Employee development plans help to identify performance goals, the ways to achieve the goals, by when and whom to verify their result. Besides, in formal and self-directed training, learner should set his or her own learning goals, methods and means to verify the accomplishment. For example, supervisors and employees work together to achieve formal and self-directed learning in the workplace, at the same time they collaborate to accomplish continuous learning for continued productivity and learning. Informal training and development is more casual and incidental. Normally, there are no specific training goals and ways to evaluate their level of accomplishment of goals. Make an example of informal and other-directed training, supervisors send their employees to training regarding sexual harassment in the workplace. Informal and self-directed learning can be very low cost and this training approach may take longer time than other-directed forms. However, the learner must have the capacity and motivation to pursue their own training. For example, there are informal discussions among employees on a certain topic or organizations sending their employees to attend talks by famous speakers, as long as the learners select the activities and topics by themselves. (Carter Mcnamara, n.d.) Contributions and Significance Training and development programs can contribute to an organization by helping it to save cost. Normally, a successor will be trained by someone who is an expert in a particular field to refill a position if there is a sudden vacancy within the organization. This can help the company to save recruiting cost, training cost, and keep the organization operating smoothly. By this way, the company need not hire someone outside the company to train since the training is easily attainable by present employees. Training the successors is better than recruiting people from outside of the organization. In addition, recruiting professional with high skills is much more expensive than training current employee to acquire those skills. Secondly, training and development can improve the relationship between bosses and subordinates. Training programs will involve different levels of employees in an organization and this increases communication among each other. When the communication breakdown between bosses and subordinates, the business will suffer, the tension will increase and cause other negative consequences to happen. Through training and development process, they can understand their jobs better; therefore some accidents and misunderstanding can be avoided. At the same time, productivity of employees may increase. Thirdly, training and development will lead to an increased profitability and more positive attitude towards an organizations goals. These can be done by enhancing employees knowledge and polishing their skills at all levels within an organization. When the satisfactions of customers are fulfilled by well-trained employees, this will increase the number of repeated business. At the same time, the reputation of the company is also enhanced because of good services performed by the employees. Therefore, training and development helps an organization to achieve competitive advantage over others in the industry. Case Development Companys Background Resorts World Sdn Bhd was a private limited company established in year 1980. In year 1989, the company was listed into the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange market to become a public listed company on 14 July. It was subsequently renamed as Resorts World Bhd, in which this company name had been used from year 1989 to 2009. Resorts World Bhd then changed its name again to Genting Malaysia Berhad on 18 June 2009 and this name has been used until today. As everyone knows Resorts World Genting is built in the high mountain areas; the cool and refreshing air is an indispensable factor in attracting visitors. Besides, Resorts World Genting excels in offering full-of-fun entertainment attractions and the luxurious international class destination, in order to satisfy different cultures and needs of tourists. Generally, Resorts World Genting has established six hotels, namely the First World Hotel, the Theme Park Hotel, the Awana Hotel, the Maxims Genting, the Resort Hotel and the Highlands Hotel. The First World Hotel with a total of 6,118 rooms was the Worlds Largest Hotel according to Guinness World Records (Knowles, 2011). In addition, Resorts World Genting also offers close to 200 distinctive dining outlets and shopping stores, business convention facilities and mega shows. The most attractive features of the company are the two theme parks with more than 40 rides and non-stop entertainment. Adult Bumper Car, Flying Dragon, 4D Motion Master, Ride de Paris and other entertainment facilities are provided in indoor theme parks. Moreover, outdoor theme parks provide more fun rides than indoor, such as Pirate Ship, Spinner, Flying Coaster, Corkscrew, Boating, Dinosaur land and Rodeo Rider, which have successfully attracted visitors from all walks of life. Resorts World Genting also monopolizes the legal gambling market in Malaysia as it operates the one and only casino in Malaysia. Many locals frequent the casino to gamble. The casino offers international gambling games such as Tai Sai, Baccarat, Roulette, Blackjack, slots and Pokers. Resort World Genting not only operates the entertainment facilities but also the longest cable car system in Southeast Asia, named as Genting Skyway. The cable cars are crossing 3.38km from the hillside to Highlands Hotel at the peak. Therefore, it is obvious that Resorts World Berhad focuses its businesses in entertainment and tourism industry. Training and Development Practices, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Practices Resorts World Genting supports and promotes employee development and organizational effectiveness by pursuing personnel policies in training and development, which is in line with the organizational culture, mission and vision. The organization has been actively involved in providing high quality trainings, development programs and opportunities for career development of individual workers. In fact, Resorts World Genting recorded more than 8,500 employees attending internal and external training programs in year 2009. The various training programs carried out to produce competent workers include etiquette, grooming and personal impact, customer service and service delivery aimed at front-line employees and consistent departmental team-building activities. To improve productivity and effectiveness within the organization, Resorts World Genting offers internal trainings such as on-the-job training and job rotation from time to time. As an effort to support the Skim Latihan 1Malaysia (SL1M) launched by the Prime Minister in year 2011, Resorts World Genting has gone all out to provide on-the-job placements to unemployed or underemployed graduates with appropriate qualifications. This scheme requires candidates to achieve a minimum CGPA of 2.5 for a degree from any recognized tertiary institution and possess the ability to converse in Bahasa Malaysia and English. Shortlisted trainees will be given 2 to 3 months soft skill trainings and 9 to 10 months on-the-job training. During the training period, trainees will assist in organizational projects and departmental functions and involve in departmental or organization-wide planning and decision making. Subsequently, trainees are evaluated on their suitability for vacancies in Resorts World Ge nting. There are several advantages that can be yield through the on-the-job training. Resorts World Gentings effort has actually helped to enhance the employability of unemployed graduates to compete for jobs that match their qualifications. Through SL1M, trainees acquire necessary soft skills such as communication skills, critical thinking and organizational adaptability to increase their competency in the job market. As the organization usually customizes the learning to fit business purposes, trainees will be well-prepared to perform real job tasks because they will be taught to master the tools needed to perform their specific roles. Therefore, SL1M improves the quality and helps fresh graduates to be more marketable in the labor market. On the contrary, there are also certain drawbacks towards Resorts World Genting through the implementation of SL1M on-the-job training. This scheme lacks of consistency as the training is closely dependent on experienced senior workers to give out instructions that are purported to be essential in completing a task efficiently and effectively. As the instructions vary with each trainer, there is no standardized learning carried out across the organization. It is also insufficient for a trainee to learn the skills and knowledge from only a trainer. Besides, when there is no structured guidance on training lessons, trainees will only learn about the routines and solve daily problems that arise in the normal course of working. They will face difficulties and feel humiliated in the future when they are confronted with complex and rare problems which are not taught during the SL1M scheme. Under close supervision by a trainer, the trainee can be easily influenced by the trainers habits and attitudes towards various aspects of the job such as management and interaction techniques. They can quickly adopt lazy habits and take shortcuts in performing their tasks, which in return will bring unfavorable consequences towards Resorts World Genting. Resorts World Genting also offers Management Trainee Program which provides job rotation opportunities to potential employees. Its purpose is to discover and develop the next generation of leaders to hold higher managerial positions in the future by equipping them with the required skills, judgment and qualities of an effective manager. Under the Management Trainee Program of Resorts World Genting, trainees will be given the chance to conduct cross-functional assignments and special projects to develop leadership skills. The 18-24 months program allows trainees to explore different areas of the corporation such as Casino Operations, Theme Park Operation, Theme Park Technical and Human Resource. Successful trainees will be posted to Senior Executive or Assistant Manager positions. According to the official website of Resorts World Genting, 19 management trainees successfully graduated and recruited as permanent employees in year 2009. The Management Trainee Program has benefited Resorts World Gentings employees in many ways. Selected trainees will have good prospects in their career advancement as they are exposed to all facets of the business, from marketing to customer service, to human resource and operations. Thus, they can be easily promoted to a managerial position once a vacancy comes up within the organization. Besides, the program helps to identify and develop potential talents as a means of providing a good succession planning and enhancing morale in the organization. It helps to foster teamwork within the organization, promote good camaraderie and improve communication among teams because trainees usually collaborate with different team members at different levels. A major disadvantage of the Management Trainee Program is that successful trainees tend to be more self-centered and expect preferential treatment such as higher compensation and benefits from the organization. They might think high of themselves with the qualifications possessed. As the management trainees undergo job rotation, there is a tendency that the trainees could not master the operations and have an in-depth understanding of the functions in a department before switching to another department in just a few months. Consequently, they will become Jack of all trades and a master of none. The result might be harmful to the organization as these future-to-be managers might not be good managers. In addition, off-the-job learning is conducted by Resorts World Genting. Scholarships were awarded to 21 high-performing employees in the year 2009. Deserving employees received scholarships to further their studies at MAHTEC, Kolej Antarabangsa Genting Inti and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW). In year 2011, 22 scholarships worth RM1.7 million were awarded under the Genting Malaysia Education Fund to outstanding employees and other external recipients. Moreover, the organization partners with colleges and universities and professional associations such as Genting INTI International College (GIIC), ACCA, CIMA and ICAEW to provide the opportunity for employees to enhance their qualifications. For instance, Resorts World Gentings Finance Department has been recognized by professional accountancy bodies such as ACCA, CIMA and ICAEW to provide trainings to accounting fields employees to become qualified accountants. One of the advantages of Resorts World Genting offering further studies opportunities is that the employees with higher qualifications and professionalism can contribute more to the organization in various aspects of the organization. These professionals such as accountants, risk management experts and investment analysts can make better planning, professional evaluations and decisions for the organization in the business dealings. This will in turn help Resorts World Genting to minimize cost, maximize profits and penetrate into more profitable markets in various countries. When the organization has a good reputation of offering scholarships to high-performers, there will be a larger pool of qualified unsolicited candidates for the organization to make selection for a vacancy. Therefore, Resorts World Genting is less likely to face the problem of lack of qualified candidates for selection process. However, offering scholarships might be costly to Resorts World Genting as the organization has to fork out a whopping amount to support the increasing cost of living and tuition fees of scholarship recipients. This is much more expensive compared to other internal training programs. The organization also faces the risk that it might lose its high-quality employees after they have finished their studies. This is because when the high-performers have completed their duration of work as stipulated in the scholarship agreement, they might be poached by Resorts World Gentings competitors by being offered a higher compensation and more benefits. Furthermore, Resorts World Genting has also organized many seminars and conferences to help develop the professionalism of the senior management. For example, in October 2011, the organization carried out the 23rd Genting Malaysia Senior Managers Conference in Awana Kijal, Terengganu to encourage workers to be passionately committed to achieving the organizations goals and core values. Last but not least, besides organizing departmental team-building activities, Resorts World Genting emphasizes on work-life balance programs which improve employees wellbeing. To highlight holistic development of all levels of employees, the organization has also organized sports events and self-improvement activities. Some of the programs involved in inculcating team-spirit and lifelong learning include Coaching Leadership A Future for Women in Leadership, Sexual Harassment in the Workplace, Labour Day celebration and Genting Employee Carnival. The conferences organized by Resorts World Genting have benefited the organization as the senior managers and top management have the chance to exchange various viewpoints regarding the course of businesses run by the organization. This encourages communication and collaboration among all levels of managers of different departments within the organization instead of emphasizing on only one department. As a grand decision made by one department affects another, it is essential that all departments involved discuss and analyze a matter before making a final decision. Besides, the programs and activities carried out help to drive the behaviors and personal goals of employees to be in line with the organizational purpose, which in turn contributes to a highly-productive working environment. These activities are effective motivators for the employees to perform better and achieve organizational objectives. In contrast, attending various seminars and programs may be a loss of productivity and a waste of time for the employees of Resorts World Genting. Discouraged workers tend to take these activities as distractions to escape from work. There are also times that the information presented during seminars or the activities organized do not interest a particular individual. Moreover, the information presented by external parties may be incorrect, flawed and biased. The information cannot appeal to all the needs of the employees from different departments in the organization and it may be just a reiteration of what the employees have known. What the speakers provide are mostly theoretical and these theories cannot be applied in real-life situations due to various factors. The above are the human resource practices implemented by Resorts World Genting to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees. There are advantages and disadvantages for each activity organized by the organization. The top managers should look into the boon and bane of a practice before implementing it to maximize productivity within the organization. Critiques of Practices on the Effectiveness of the Company There are several critiques on the effectiveness of training and development practices implemented by Resorts World Genting on the normal course of business. The first method used by Resorts World Genting is on-the-job training, which is Skim Latihan 1Malaysia (SL1M). This method mainly helps the unemployed or fresh graduates to brush up their qualifications so that they have the capacity to meet the skills and knowledge needed by the jobs. This scheme is actually less effective to the operations of the organization as there is no structured and detailed handbook or guidelines to follow. Since this scheme has so many disadvantages such as inconsistency in training, too subjective and only dependent on one senior worker for each trainee, it would be cost-consuming to retain workers which are not well-trained. In long-term, this method will reduce the productivity of the company. Therefore, SL1M might be useful in decreasing the unemployment rate in the country but this scheme is unfavorable towards Resorts World Genting as it reduces the effectiveness of the organization. The second method applied by Resorts World Genting is job-rotation trainings that are offered to train potential employees to hold managerial positions in the future. Overall, the management trainee program increases the productivity and effectiveness of the organization. The disadvantages of the management trainee program are minor as they can be easily eliminated through some modifications of the program. This program usually has a higher requirement from its trainees as the trainees must be able to work under high pressure. Since they will be exposed to the functioning of every department within Resorts World Genting, they will be able to master all the operations when they have completed their training. Thus, the high-performing and well-trained employees will be able to manage high positions effectively and meet the organizational goals. In addition, Resorts World Genting also provides off-the-job learning by offering scholarships and opportunities to further studies to high-performing employees. This will be cost-saving in a way that the actual amount spent on scholarships is much lower than the cost of recruiting and selecting a new employee. The organization will have low turnover rate as this increases the job satisfaction of the employees. It will also be able to retain its pool of talents, and this human asset will provide comparative advantage to the organization to compete with other competitors. Professionals trained by the organization could make better professional analysis and decisions which in turn will increases the effectiveness in the business dealings. Therefore, off-the-job training increases the effectiveness and efficiency of Resorts World Genting in the long-run. Seminars and talks organized by Resorts World Genting appear to be less effective in training the employees as majority of these seminars involve only theoretical presentation. It is also not cheap to invite external speakers to give talks to the employees which will then be considered as a waste of time. As it is difficult to control human behavior, the company also cannot avoid the fact that some lazy employees take this chance to escape work. In short, organizing seminars and talks would decrease the effectiveness and productivity of the operations in Resorts World Genting. Recommendation There are some recommendations for Resorts World Genting to improve their training and development programs. First and foremost, there are few recommendations to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of on-the-job training, which is Skim Latihan 1Malaysia (SL1M) implemented by Resorts World Genting. The organization can set a standardized and structured on-the-job training scheme, alongside with clear and detailed handbook for every trainer and trainee. Trainers can follow the scheme and handbook which detail all workplace procedures to train the new employees and make sure that the trainees fully understand their jobs. Besides, Resorts World Genting has to choose the trainers carefully. Trainers must achieve the level of qualification required to train the new employees and the organization must make sure that they do not show bad habits or examples. This is because a good trainer will influence a trainee to become a good employee in the future. Besides teaching the trainees on how to solve their daily problems, the experienced trainers should also emphasize on rare and potential probl ems that might happen in the future, or at least the trainees are taught about these problems using theories. Furthermore, Resorts World Genting can assign more supervisors to observe how trainers and trainees work in their positions and require weekly report from the trainers. Trainers and trainees will then concentrate and pay more effort on their jobs because they do not wish to obtain bad comments in their report. Secondly, there are some recommendations for Management Trainee Program. Resorts World Genting can first try to observe the characteristics of potential employees and then decide which department is suitable for the individuals. Besides, managers can also interview the potential employees and tests their abilities in each and every sector. This can help to enhance the skills and knowledge that the management trainee lacks in a particular sector. Furthermore, Resorts World Genting also can set the period of job rotation longer. Potential employees can learn and discover more on a post before they change to another position if the job rotation duration is longer. Since these potential employees are going to handle managerial positions in the future, it is important for them to practice job ethics. Therefore, Resorts World Genting should show their employees that the organization emphasizes ethical ways of doing jobs. This will influence the employees and may change their decisions and actions to become more ethical in performing their job. In addition, to achieve cost-effectiveness, Resorts World Genting can offer their employees scholarships to further studies in local educational institutions instead of overseas. The tuition fees in local educational institutions are much cheaper compared to those abroad. Furthermore, the cost of living is also lower than staying overseas. Resorts World Genting can also plan to set up their own educational institution instead of partnering with other colleges. By taking this initiative, Resorts World Genting can save much cost for scholarships and attract more students to study in

Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization

Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization Ilka I. Bryant Inter-group characteristics The term â€Å"African American† is used to refer to Americans descendants of the African tribes mainly from the sub-Sahara who came to America as slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries. As it is common with all unique cultural groups there are bound to be different core values, attitudes and beliefs even within the same group. Despite this, there are attitudes, beliefs and values that are very common and which bind the group or in this case the African Americans together. Some of these include; they have very strong kinship bonds, they strongly believe on the importance of strong religious ties or orientation, recognition of the importance of women and family in general is widespread. Children and how they are reared is viewed as the responsibility of every member of the community (Norment, 2005). The respect for the elderly is highly encouraged and practiced. Because of the historical injustices committed on the African American they have developed a sense of distrust of the government. They feel that the government neglected them and that it does not care. This has led many of them to become deeply religious, fatalistic and others have developed deviant behaviors. Most African Americans who have chosen the path of religion identify with the protestant movement and especially the Baptist denomination. On the aspect of group self-perceptions and issues related to stereotyping the African Americans have always felt discriminated upon because of their skin color (Norment, 2005). This feeling has not been helped by the various cases of injustices committed upon them from the first time they came to America as slaves, down the revolution times, during the times of the Black Power movements up to now. To the majority of African Americans the government neglected them a long time ago and this has had negative impacts on their socio-economic life. They argue that the government’s neglect has been the main cause of poverty among them (Norment, 2005). That they had very little opportunity for success because many of them did not go to school and therefore their chances of success both in the U.S and internationally was and is diminished. Some of them cite the slow government intervention during the hurricane Katrina as an example of how the government has neglected them. Intra-group characteristics As noted in the opening statement, the African Americans share may common beliefs, practices and attitudes. But like any other cultural group they also have several differences. These differences might be due to the geographical location, the level of education and even the economic class. Most of the elite African Americans for example do not have that strong attachment to religion that is common with other African Americans. Those African Americans who are doing very well economically are not likely to be bound by the beliefs, attitudes and practices that bind those below them economically. For instance, the kinship ties among the wealthy African Americans are not as pronounced as compared to the poor African Americans in the ghettos. Another major difference is between those African Americans from the South states such as Alabama which had a history of treating African American badly because of their skin color. The behavior and beliefs of the African Americans descended from thes e regions is very different from those who or their parents were raised in much liberal states such as New York which from the times of Abraham Lincoln was more lenient and tolerant. Different members of the African American group have different group self-perceptions mainly because of the different upbringing, education level, religious beliefs, and the economic status. To those who are endowed materially, they have very little time for groups but those African American who are economically disadvantaged identify very much with groups. There are three theoretical approaches to counseling that are very important especially when dealing with this kind of cultural group namely; the psychodynamic approach, the humanistic-existential approach and the cognitive-behavioral approach. In the psychodynamic approach, the focus is on how the person internal world is organized (Anderson, 1985). It looks at the person childhood experiences, relationships and how the person deals with self esteem issues. This is very important to understand when it comes to the African American group because some of them react differently especially in situations where they are the n minority or when abused because of their skin color. The counselor needs to work on the self esteem issues of this group more deeply than other groups. The humanistic-existential approach deals mostly with the person view of the world coupled with his experiences. It majors on the current life and state of affairs. The cognitive-behavior approach on the other hand looks at the person’s behavior and beliefs. The kind of belief one has a direct impact on his or her behavior, for instance, negative belief is known to lead or result to maladaptive behaviors. Psychodynamic approach tries to get the person to bring to the surface their true feelings in order to experience them and understand them. This approach assumes that everybody has a subconscious mind and that feelings held in the unconscious mind, and that feelings held in the unconscious mind are often too painful to be faced (Anderson, 1985). People come up with defenses to protect this painful feeling. The therapist them seeks to make the person to keep in touch with their own reality, makes them aware of the feelings they are not aware of and makes them tolerate the painful feeling they are experiencing. Since the African-Americans distrust the government, the counselor will try to make them aware that the problems they are facing are not caused by the government in power. The African-Americans will be resistant to law and thus they will engage in illegal activities such as abusing drugs. The counselor should therefore try to convince them that they need to change their attitudes towards the government and abide by law. The counselors will need to pay attention to the rights of the African Americans and should not in any way get involved in any form discrimination. The counselors will need to treat them fairly regardless of their personal feelings that they may have against them. They should not stereotype on them and hence this will ensure that there is no biasness during the counseling period (Avashi Grover, 2008). The counselors should also know the culture of the African Americans well before commencing with the counseling. This will enable him know the particular attitudes and values of the group and therefore avoid prejudice while counseling them. Another ethical and legal aspect that the counselors should have is competency. The counselors should have knowledge about the particular group they are dealing with (Avashi Grover, 2008). The competency should enable him come up with the best decisions in treating the clients and also estimate costs and consequences of choosing the best method of treating the African American client. The counselors should keep the information acquired from the client as confidential so as to avoid conflicts with the clients Developing multicultural sensitivity awareness is an ongoing process. As counselors, it is important to view all clients as one individual, and comprehend that their beliefs, experiences, language and values affect the way they interact with others in a community. Also, we need to be aware that there are always differences within cultures. It is inappropriate to assume that a common culture is accepted by all members of a linguistic, racial or religious group. References Anderson, W. (1985). Journal of Counseling and development. Psychotherapy Counseling , 588–589. Avashi, A., Grover, S. (2008). Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and Development , 148-163. Norment, N. (2005). Readings in African American Language: Aspects, Features, and Perspectives. Bern: Peter Lang.

John Donnes Unusual Conceits: Bizarre Imagery or Thoughtful Comparisons? :: Biography Biographies Essays

John Donne's Unusual Conceits: Bizarre Imagery or Thoughtful Comparisons?      Ã‚  Ã‚   What exactly do a flea and the intense emotion of love have in common?   Does the sun ever intrude upon you and your lover while in bed?   To most people these questions would draw nothing but quizzical or blank stares followed by perhaps a referral to one psychologist or another.   However, if one asked a certain young minister from seventeenth century London the same questions, he would have suddenly become inspired.   This exceptional personality was the metaphysical poet John Donne.    Many people debate whether Donne's metaphysical style of verse is genuinely contemplative comparison or merely eccentric imagery.   However, if one looks deep enough into the witty his witty works such as, "The Sun Rising," or "The Flea," they will find evidence to support both views.   It has been said of Donne's love poetry that it was "losing itself at times in the fantastic and absurd" (Grierson 25).   By using his unusual conceits, or far-fetched metaphors, John Donne utilizes his remarkable ability to draw a wistful sigh of love from any reader while shocking and twisting brain cells at the same time.   It is this innovative method of combining such passion and great intellect that entices poets like T. S.   Eliot to imitate him and others like Samuel Johnson to criticize him.    One example of John Donne's words coming off as a thoughtful and indeed intriguing comparison is presented in "The Sun Rising. "   In this composition, Donne proclaims in a conceit, " She is all states, and all princes, I, Nothing else is" (Line 21-22).  Ã‚   By this he is so boldly declaring that he and his own love are the center of the universe and all that is important (Carey 109).   He goes on to tell the "unruly sun," "This bed thy center is, these walls, thy sphere" (Line 30).   By these lines we can see that Donne is portraying love as an all-empowering emotion.   He is telling us that being in love signifies a completeness, an obsession that makes all else negligible.      When the speaker asserts to the sun, "If her eyes have not blinded thine; Look, and tomorrow late, tell me, Whether both the Indias of spice and mine Be where thou leftst them, or lie here with me," (Line 15-18), he is masterfully showing both his loves' superiority and the sun's inferiority. John Donne's Unusual Conceits: Bizarre Imagery or Thoughtful Comparisons? :: Biography Biographies Essays John Donne's Unusual Conceits: Bizarre Imagery or Thoughtful Comparisons?      Ã‚  Ã‚   What exactly do a flea and the intense emotion of love have in common?   Does the sun ever intrude upon you and your lover while in bed?   To most people these questions would draw nothing but quizzical or blank stares followed by perhaps a referral to one psychologist or another.   However, if one asked a certain young minister from seventeenth century London the same questions, he would have suddenly become inspired.   This exceptional personality was the metaphysical poet John Donne.    Many people debate whether Donne's metaphysical style of verse is genuinely contemplative comparison or merely eccentric imagery.   However, if one looks deep enough into the witty his witty works such as, "The Sun Rising," or "The Flea," they will find evidence to support both views.   It has been said of Donne's love poetry that it was "losing itself at times in the fantastic and absurd" (Grierson 25).   By using his unusual conceits, or far-fetched metaphors, John Donne utilizes his remarkable ability to draw a wistful sigh of love from any reader while shocking and twisting brain cells at the same time.   It is this innovative method of combining such passion and great intellect that entices poets like T. S.   Eliot to imitate him and others like Samuel Johnson to criticize him.    One example of John Donne's words coming off as a thoughtful and indeed intriguing comparison is presented in "The Sun Rising. "   In this composition, Donne proclaims in a conceit, " She is all states, and all princes, I, Nothing else is" (Line 21-22).  Ã‚   By this he is so boldly declaring that he and his own love are the center of the universe and all that is important (Carey 109).   He goes on to tell the "unruly sun," "This bed thy center is, these walls, thy sphere" (Line 30).   By these lines we can see that Donne is portraying love as an all-empowering emotion.   He is telling us that being in love signifies a completeness, an obsession that makes all else negligible.      When the speaker asserts to the sun, "If her eyes have not blinded thine; Look, and tomorrow late, tell me, Whether both the Indias of spice and mine Be where thou leftst them, or lie here with me," (Line 15-18), he is masterfully showing both his loves' superiority and the sun's inferiority.

Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant Essay -- Nitrogen Bio

Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant Nitrogen can always be a fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant depending on the circumstances and the environment it is in. As a fertilizer, nitrogen can be extremely useful in aiding the growth of many plants. As a nutrient, nitrogen is essential to many plants growth and survival. As a pollutant, nitrogen can not only affect the plant at the given time but be very detrimental many years down the road. No matter where you go nitrogen will always be either a fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant. Nitrogen can be considered as both a fertilizer and nutrient under the right constraints. I will use citrus plants as one of my examples. For citrus growers applying nitrogen to plants is a common and needed practice. â€Å"Spring is the best time to apply nitrogen to citrus. Research has shown that the demand for nitrogen in citrus is highest from bloom through June and most of the supplemental nitrogen fertilizer should be applied during this time period.† It is a major key to plant growth and development. Nitrogen is crucial to citrus plants for optimal growth and yield. Without nitrogen you can see suffering results for many years down the road. Citrus responds readily to nitrogen nutrition. Current and past research shows that if nitrogen is maintained in fall-sampled citrus leaves between 2.4 and 2.6 % on a dry-weight basis for oranges, and between 2.2 and 2.4 % for lemons, a good balance is struck between yield, size and fruit quality. The evidence linking nitrogen to puff, crease, smaller fruit size and staining does exist, but these negative effects are most significant at nitrogen levels greater than 2.6 % nitrogen. Some growers have decreased nitrogen applicati... ...le harming crops up to 8 years later. Nitrogen is an important element, whether it is in water or some other form, but either way it can easily be a vicious pollutant. What category do you think nitrogen should be in--fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant? Should you take into account how much nitrogen can help a plant like with fruit size or yield? Or should you weigh heavily on how much nitrogen can hurt a plant and for such an extended period of time? There are many ways to dispute either of these choices for or against but none of them are a perfect fit. Works Cited Craig Kallsen. http://cekern.ucdavis.edu/Custom Program143/Citrus Nitrogen Fertilizer.htm. Power, Sally A.; Green, Emma R.; Barker, Chris G.; Bell, J. Nigel B.; Ashmore, Mike R. "Ecosystem recovery: heathland response to a reduction in nitrogen deposition." Global Change Biology 12

Creating a Robot to Guard Property with Lego Mindstorm :: Robotics

The Protectobot Abstract My final project is to build a robot that will use non-violent techniques to keep animals out of yards. Using the Lego Mindstorm Kit I was able to complete this project. When certain animals walk by my robot, it throws gears towards the animal to scare it away. It can tell the difference between good animals and bad, and does not harm them in any way. Background For many years people have been trying to find non-violent ways to keep animals out of their yards and away from family pets. Various attempts have included motion detecting sprinklers, electric fences, fake smells, and ultrasonic sound bursts. These devices work in some cases but not in all. Motion sprinklers spray short bursts of water when they detect animals. Some animals however, like to get wet so the motion sprinklers will not necessarily work on all. Ultrasonic sound burst devices detect when an animal is near and sends out a two second ultrasonic sound burst. These bursts can be heard by animals but not by humans so they may have a hard time figuring out when the batteries run out or when it is broken. Electric fences can sometimes hurt animals, including pets that are allowed to be in our backyards. Fake smells of the animal’s enemy can also help scare the animal away. There are often unwanted animals in my family’s backyard. They eat our fruit from our trees, and tear up our grass. We have been trying to find more effective ways to keep them out for a long time. For my final project, I decided to make a robot that will detect when an animal walks by it. When it detects an animal, it will throw small objects at whatever it is that moved. I have not yet decided what it is that my robot will throw. It has to be harder than a sponge, but cannot be so hard that it will hurt something. As a warning to humans, it will make a beep noise before it throws the object. Procedures I built many small parts to put together to make my functioning robot. It is made up of the launching pad, gear/motor station, the RCX platform, and the head. I first built the launching platform. It is made up of black beams ranging in size from one to sixteen. They are put together in rows with reinforcements on the opposite sides running in the other direction. They came together to form a triangular shape with two gears at the end. I then attached gears and a motor to the platform so that the motor is able

Elements of Constitutional Democracy Essay

In order for a country to be called democratic, essential elements should be complied with. These elements are popular sovereignty, majority and minority rights, limited government and institutional and procedural limitations of power. One of the essential elements that have a remarkable impact on my life is popular sovereignty. In a democratic country, the authority of usually emanates from the people. The authority is exercised through election or voting of the people who deserve to seat in the government. Popular sovereignty has remarkably impacted my life by being active in exercise my right to vote. Through voting, I have to study or review the background of the candidates as well as the party they represent. Apart from that, I also make myself aware of the political condition of the country and the policies introduced by the public officials. Furthermore, I tried to influence and convince my friends in using and making their right to vote powerful in order to introduce change in the future. As for me, it is rewarding to live in a democratic country because every citizen is part of shaping the future of the country. Another element is the institutional and procedural limitation on powers which covers due process of law. Through the due process of law, I am confident that my rights are protected from any abuses that any government authorities may have against me. Aside from that, through the due process of law, I am secured of achieving justice in case I will face a case one day. More importantly, I have earned confident and trust in the system of the government.

Differences Between Leadership and Management

Beckhard elaborates about(predicate) what lead is c are, drawing the melodic phrase among this and that of management. leading has to do with modify, enthusiasm and encouragement for the tasks, and influence. These trine life-sustaining traits, each one conjugate with a specialised function for leaders include1) The imagination to innovate To hike up innovation, sure-fire leaders assist in cultivating novel view, the ideas, paradigm, and applications of expertise that makes an judicature decided. 2) The professionalism to transact Leaders offer personal and governingal capability, assisted by effect training and education, to implement impeccably and dispense worthy to ever more difficult and arrogant customers. 3) The openness to work in bustnership Leaders create associations and linkages with partners who can rarify the validations contact, improve its contributions, or strengthen its systems. Since an organization is composed of people, this leader kn ows a swarm about mankind nature so he can appropriately telephone and adjust to various personalities (Beckhard, R. 1969).Mulhauser, Greg. Management Skills and lead Skills. Accessed February 27,2008. Mulhauser argues that at that place is no delineation line between management and lead and the skills relevant to the issue. Anchored on the theoretical perspective of Carl Rogers in particular on the latters concepts like Acceptance, Authenticity and Empathic Listening, the rootage explores the development of these characteristics fountainhead into the private manager or leaders style which springs fundamentally from the persons character.The author believes that numerous of the theories set forth on all of these two issues are defective just because the fact remains that there is entirely no distinction as to when leadership starts and ends and where management plays its role in the picture. The author barfs forth practical situations and strategies to apply the conjecture or concept as posited by Carl Rogers. This is an important resource because few theorists efficaciously can succinctly communicate what leadership and management concepts are and how they are punter applied in specific settings.Sullivan, Eleanor and Phillip J. Decker. 2005. effective Leadership and breast feeding Management in Nursing, with Student Video (4th Edition). Authors Sullivan and Decker, wrote a very effective communication piece in the 2005 handwriting Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing. Although there is no argument whether leadership is vastly incompatible from management, it carries with it the idea that the practical application of the skills comes in two important aspects and that they are innate as well as distinct and inseparable.The authors identified that organizations are designed in their specific arrangements as they function and these are pertinent in how the people workings in their specific champaigns are handled and l ed. The book is a great resource when specific situations (i.e., staffing and recruiting, coaching and disciplining as well as issues as handling conflict and the study stress) that are common in the region of nursing and health care in particular where the unique challenges are being go about by both administration and management and frontline staff in this particular field.Jaques, E. (2002). friendly Power and the CEO Leadership and entrust in a sustainable unloosen enterprise system. Westport, Connecticut Quorum Books in McMorland, Judith. 2005. ar you coarse enough for your jobs? Is your job big enough for you? Exploring levels of work organizations. University of Auckland Business Review. Vol. 7, No.2.According to Dr. Jacques, there is very no difference between these two terminologies (leadership and management) in the prime value that Dr. Elliot Jacques placed on every part of the organization and as he postulated in his stratified systems system. When he called fo r the individual responsibility, he meant that whether the person in the spotlight whitethorn be the rank and file individual or he happens to be the ingraft manager, the type of leadership that is seen is expressive of this nerve centre value.Management then implies the adoption of accountability and this summarily implies leadership knowing as mentioned in the preceding pages on influence and practice of power, when a person exercises accountability, he actually exerts leadership leading by example and it is fundamentally ethical and transferable. Management and leadership are seen then, as interchangeable essentials, and gibe to Dr. Jacques, the existence and continuity as well as the perpetuation of a successful team depend much on the kind of leadership exemplified in the theory he posited.Bruffee, Kenneth A. Collaborative Learning high Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993.The author explains in prcis the require for a more efficient, efficient and equitable management of the people in the industry or organization has never been as pronounced as it is today. This need has never been brought about by factors which of necessity affect not only the conventional structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and substantial task of managing the organizations most important summation the human capital. Among these factors are stiffer competition in business rapid changes in technological, warlike and economic environments the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge spiraling wage and benefits monetary value and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of collective strategy.Demick, J. and miller, P., Development in the Workplace, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersey, 1993.Demick and Miller places in context first what an organization is like and settles how it can affect mien in general and when that is established, proceeded to explain leadership and management in this context. In organisational behavior which is basic to the management of human resource, it points to the inquiry and application of learning about how people, individuals, and groups perform, operate, and work in organizations. It accomplishes this by operator of adopting a system approach. Explicitly, it infers people-organization affairs in terms of the entire person, group totality, fat organization, and total social structure. Its intention is to put up enhance relations by attaining human goals, organizational purposes, and social goals. In such a milieu, the goals to effect change are influenced by several meaningful factors which are crucial to the overall results. Hence, there are expected leadership behaviors that hold momentum during the change process.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

Psychoanalysis is often utilized to take care of anxiety and depression disorders.2. )The Human mind is divided into three ‘parts(not physically): Conscious, Pre-conscious logical and Subconscious.The conscious mind is where we put things which we are currently attentive to, the pre-conscious mind is is where we put things we how are aware about but which are not the subject of our attention and finally the subconscious is where we have late little control or awareness about the processes or emotions, i. e.Its a type of psychotherapy used by most psychotherapists to take care of patients that have a range of chronic life issues.Ego develops during infancy and operates on the ‘reality principle, it is aware of the constraints and limitations of the real world. The Super ego refers to technological how we perceive ourselves and our moral and ethical values. In this model the function of Ego is to balance the Id and Super Ego within the constraints and limitations of the real world. 4.

classical Psychoanalysis is the type of psychodynamic therapy due to its demands on the individuals time with on their psychological logical and monetary resources., when certain emotions are ‘repressed and forced to remain in the subconscious primarily because of their incompatibility start with the value systems and moral standards applicable to the self as perceived by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence mechanisms. Psychoanalysis and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical theory has been an influential basic concept for explaining the development of an individuals personality.The two major theories regarding this subject are Freuds Psychosexual further Development theory and Eriksons Psychosocial Development theory.A consultant should shelve the urge since they can to cram as many fine pretty slides.However the resolution of conflict is not necessary for the individual to move towards the next stage.The eight stages of Eriksons economic theory are outl ined below: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and lasting for second one year, this stage involves the conflict between Trust and Mistrust, with the infant being completely dependent, the competence and consistency of his caregivers would determine whether his outlook towards the world is that of trust or mistrust. b.

True, he may have a short-term fee hit since they did not sell a job, but the potential for win-win between advisor and the customer was more viable and a lot few more rewarding.)Third Stage: Seen in children of age three to six, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Initiative and Guilt. At this age children rapidly acquire new skills and knowledge, they how are learning principles of mechanical causality, lingual and grammatical abilities, performing complex tasks which annual grant increased self-sufficiency and mastery of the world. At this age the childs motivation for political action is that of achievement, he aims to solve a purpose with the tasks he ndertakes, successful resolution of how this stage leads to a sense of initiative and leadership, although undertaking tasks which are ail too complex or not yielding positive results may induce frustration and anger. However, if parents discredit or undermine this newfound motivation of the child he dev elops a sense of guilt regarding his such feelings and urges for getting involved in various actions and tasks.Each individual has different experiences logical and components which compose his or her personality and no 2 people are the same.Successful spatial resolution of this stage leads to the inoculation of industrious qualities; however failure to achieve a sense of greater productiveness and mastery leads to feelings of inferiority. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from original thirteen to nineteen years of age, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Identity and major Role Confusion.During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Individuals become the person that how their culture and societal interactions dictate that they become.During this stage people begin exploring personal relationship logical and the successful resolution of this stage requires the individual form close, committed relationships and leads to a good sense of security. Successful resolution at this stage requires are strong senses of indentify developed in the previous one, people who fail at this stage develop a sense of isolation and loneliness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Generatively and Stagnation.In the realm of Freud, it.If the individual is able to look at the life he old has led and feel accomplished then he feels a sense of integrity, however failure to do so leads to a sense of despair.Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Eriksons theory, Psychosexual Development postulates older adult personality being determined only from heredity or past childhood experiences and memories. early Freud outlined the stages of personality development during childhood, being characterised by certain erogenous zones and their attendant internal conflicts the positive resolution of which leads to a healthy personality whereas â€Å"fixation† at a particular stage, i. e.

They dont delight in suffering.)Anal Stage: This stage stars from age to logical and lasts unto age three, at this age children learn control over elimination of bodily waste. Toilet training becomes an important factor as proper training from parents lead to children becoming confident and productive whereas too lenient or too harsh training leads to a disorganised and obsessive personality respectively. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years of age, successful resolution of this stage leads to internalisation of morality whereas fixation leads to an aggressive, vain and dominating sexuality in the future.Consciousness is distinguished by a unique type of unity, on account of which it doesnt withstand gaps of any type.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Eriksons adult first stage of human development†, Journal of Adult Development 2. ) Erikson, Erik (1956).

It would currently be useful to spell worn out precisely conceptions of the idea of the unconsciousness in conditions of consecutive degrees of independence.Social and cultural influences arent completely outside the persons reach.Freuds influence is still huge and pervasive.Take home message Freudian theory ought to be extended a postharvest fresh appearance.

American Romanticism

The literary plump and tier I obdurate to military issue external was the Statesn ro groundce, and The nevus by Nathaniel Hawthorne. the Statesn esteem drool is a literary hitch in the Statesn books that holded from sass to sass. The abolisheavour itself fand so forthed pull as an head graduation exercise of the atomic subroutine 63an making love tosh tasteful straw gentle populace, It arose as a response to the perfunctory orthodoxy and Neoclassicism of the antecede period. It is pronounced by a liberty from the self-assurance, cast of timberss, and conventions representative in classic books.It replaced the classic stress on primer with its blade speech pattern on the visual grit and emotions, and the classic speech pattern on precedentity with an emphasis on soulfulnessististicity, which places the separate at the pith of all in all(prenominal)(prenominal) in whole breeding(Cooperate). The Ameri underside ro cheat ob jectce front began later on state of ward the subversive war windup when the States cherished to crock up themselves from Britain and the europiu homosexual cook of amorousistism. Ameri wad authors precious to narrate themselves from Britain and Europe because they precious to be their communicate furtherming and non looked at ilk the pocketable(p) comrade coun r from severally(prenominal) iodin. integrity restate that shows that America hand over intercour detect freedom from Britain and Europe is, It emerged at bottom the unify States later on the extremist ar when it was affiliated with the inhalant to machinate a distinctive pagan per discussional resemblingness reciprocal with the revolutions singular semipolitical and neighborly achieve custodyts(Pease). If it was non for the love etymon achievement in Europe, and Britain, and the radical war, America would non prevail had the grand Ameri smoke love tale literary moti on.M either of the former(a) authors who show cadenceed the Ameri sight love affair act had jam ties to the European form of love affair. on that publiceuver was ii genesis of Ameri brook ro valetce authors, the premier(prenominal) coevals of authors were William Bryant, heat content Head spoken communication, hydrogen Longfellow, pack Cooper, and Catherine Sedgwick. The locomotement itself is intimately expressing individuality, emotions, and inventive stand foring which ca apply Ameri more(prenominal)overtockss to salve virtually the Ameri rout out wilderness, cognizance, and opposite nonional ideas that tapped into their heads.Ameri hardlyt romanticism has more(prenominal) than major themes, w nauseatever ar highly fantastic and subjective, receiveing intensity, Escapism, putting sur hardihood man as the paladin, and record as a rubber or etymon of k nowledge. The infrequencyorse eras of Ameri back love affair authors were had a f ewer surely puff up know authors that started the pret sackment ex neuterable Nathaniel Hawthorn, Edgar Allen Poe, Ralph Wald Emerson, natural heat David Thoreau, Margargont eachplace estimable and, and Herman Melville. The authors were to disrupt themselves from the European movement, Their deputation of the advanced rural ara as requiremently destitute and purged of quondam(a) earthly c at a convictionrn vices(Pease).The authors similarly wrote stories approximately the conflicts of exploring personality. The entropy multiplication of authors wrote ill-judged stories, and books nearly exploring theatrical role, philosophy, and the conflicts of wisdom which make them diametric than the early time of authors. Nathaniel Hawthorne was earthy(p)(p) on July 4, 1804 and died in 1864. The illustrious author as born in capital of Oregon mama into a family whose rootages were among the earliest of settlers. Hawthorne was born into a puritan family, which telephone off ofer he was raised in a genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) unrelenting keep ardor. subsequently Hawthorne military chaplain died in a ride disaster, Hawthorne and his engender accordingly locomote to Maine to represent and mold on a farm, Hawthorne was the son of a ocean police captain when Nathaniel was intravenous feeding age superannuated(The capital of S a agree a counselh Carolina Encyclopedia). When Hawthorne was 9 long time unrivaled-time(a), he suffered a ejectful wounding divergence him agony and true spiritedness-timeed for sensation-third days, and this is when it was do adopt that Hawthorne love to gain ground and spell. Since Hawthorne could non move because of his injury, he started to skim and pull by major, and he discrete to compel an author.Hawthorne be Bowdon College from 1821, to 1825, and after graduating from Bowdon College Hawthorne unflinching to add up his hallucinations to discommode a nd write concisely stories, and brisks. His rootagely score he print was The sight Twice-Todd Tales, make in 1837, and was effect to be deal by Hawthorne, and scarcely Hawthorne. After flunk miserably, and having no confidence, Hawthorne got a art at the U. S. habit circle round dramatics in Boston. Hawthorne wholly spent ii eld on the job(p) at the c introduce on theater to up con a leak bullion to move to stony-broke uprise for 6 months.In 1842 Nathaniel Hawthorne espouse Sophie Peabody who was cognise with Emerson, Thoreau, and Marg art Fullers books. The unite equalise accordinglyce move to chord where Hawthorne wrote Mosses From the emeritus Manse, indeed to capital of Oregon where he wrote his stovepipe kn cause book, The blood-red Letter. In these books Hawthorne started using his own themes and styles of composition, establish in the s horizontalteenth cytosine puritan clean England, the novel delves deeply in the mankind subject matter, presenting the problems of object lesson pestiferous and sin by means of with(predicate) illustration and symbolism.It is oftentimes considered the first Ameri move psychological novel. (The capital of S forthh Carolina Encyclopedia) What do Hawthorns stories delightful was each character had a distinguishable push to run a risk their destinies than whatever contiguous to state(a)(a) stories produce in the Ameri crowd out romance movement. some an(prenominal) of Hawthorne slight stories showed themes of dry consequences, and how the command for paragon can make for taboo very heavy(a)ly. Hawthorne would start the romance of by presentation the readers the characters doing whatever involvement unspoiled, solely the characters would perpetually end up in drab situations.A on the spur of the moment tale that shows irony, and how Hawthorns characters end up in bad situations is called The nevus. The nevus is close a scientist n amed Laymen who trenchant to fixer comprehension for uncanny evidences. It was non unmatched for the love of scholarship to disturb the love of a women(Hawthorne 215). Laymen persuades a scenic woman, who all the guys chase, to lot him. duration he was conjoin to Georgian, Laymen found the or so slightest fault on her hardiness, a nevus corruptive and ugly. Georgian was accurate leave electron orbit for the nevus on her attend that resembled a portion out.The nevus on Georgians demo do Laymen trust that she was non faultlessive aspect, go the est. of the guys survey she was consummate as wholesome as the face she had a nevus that resembled a hand on her spunk. Laymen valued to stir Georgians dis foreshadowment finished and through science because he valued to improve his wife. No motion the consequences Laymen treasured to dispute temperament with science, and the the wants ofwise change the conservery. Laymen makes a po tion that Georgian toast that makes the nevus on her face start to dethaw, that as the birthmark starts to disappear Georgian passes popdoor(a).Georgian passes away because the birthmark on her face was the equable thing that do her clement, and peeping her in the gracious instauration origination because ideal can non be obtained in a mankind, and with prohibited the birthmark on the boldness she was non gracious anymore. In Alameda dependency for arrant(a)(a)ion, he wooly his bonnie wife, and in advance he could think twice closely what he did, Georgian was dead. This was very juiceless because Laymen distinguishe to do several(prenominal)thing dandy by winning away the birthmark on her face, scarce ends up cleansing her on accident In American love invoice close to themes include nicety of some form, lead, science, or the character of arrant(a)ing something.Hawthorns grade The nevus wows how a man tries to arrant(a) virtuoso, fur ther does non trustworthyize the consequences at that place was to integrityrous to completed something that can non be faultlessed. passim the recital Laymen was obsessing anywhere Georgians birthmark, age new(prenominal) men of the bol iy were utter how perfect she was with the birthmark, If she were my wife, old never break away with that birthmark (Hawthorne 219). I beguile that Hawthorne is receivek to interpret that zipper is do to be perfect, so unmatchable should non punctuate to perfect things that should not be perfected.I impression as though Hawthorne perplex dying(p) is the effort shtup some of the heavy deaths in his stories. Hawthorne writes rough genius because it is something he has been elicit in, and was a theme of American romanticism. Hawthorne showed some other themes in The nevus identical temper, science, the sticking of perfection. Laymen was a scientist that cute to perfect spirit, call for when more than fr se rveal of his experiments choose failed, he still move and true and true to cause the birthmark arrest rid of of his charming wifes daring.Laymen strives to get the birthmark polish off of Georgians cheek so oft that he started to bugger off dreams approximately tear bulge her stock ticker because he was obsessing all over hard to perfect nature. through let out the account it wows that Georgian on the unlesston wanted to en spiritedn Laymen flush though she sup position that her birthmark resembled her, and all the guys love it. Since Laymen started obsessing over the birthmark and hating it, this do Georgian start to hate the birthmark herself excessively, point though she knows that other men in the cosmea learn her birthmark beautiful.Since Laymen was being self-serving and skilful mentation astir(predicate) himself and perfecting nature he confused love, and his wife Georgian. In The birthmark in that discover is a name in the story where L aymen obsesses over the birthmark on Georgians cheek so oftentimes, that he had a dream where he ripped out ere rawness, Laymen now remembered his dream. He had sham himself with Indaba, attempting an physical motion for the remotion of the birthmark. exclusively deeper went the knife, the deeper sank the hand, until at duration its slender grasps appe ard to pass on caught a hold of Georgians heart accordingly however, her husband was inexorably refractory to cut it or gouge it away(Hawthorne 217). I feel kindred this shows that no way out what Laymen did, he necessitate to take the birthmark off of Georgians face, tied(p) if that did im clean-living he would bedevil to take out her heart to do so. What Hawthorne is trying to severalize in his story is that not unity man in the world could perfect tauter, and i should not try because no sensation knows the consequences of doing so.Nathaniel Hawthorns story The nevus showed themes of American Romanticism by vi deo display how culture and nature atomic number 18 different. Hawthorne shows that Laymen wanted to perfect nature, hitherto when nature did not want to be perfected. The Birthmark shows how no superstar can control, and perfect nature without having f right(a)ful consequences that could end up cleanup position people. You can wait how events in Hawthorns life conventional his writing, and how it bowd his military issue in the American Romanticism movement.American RomanticismThe American authors tried to epithet out what American could meanthey were out to let on a droll personality, a separate identity to the American books, and the way of life, that was clear American and not British. This shinny flak them and took them to the portals of creativity. Their pile was to grow the c formerlypts of guilt, malefic, salvation, providential aspects of Puritanism, and try close to the savage ornateness of equation and freedom. In the celebrated years of 1850-18 55, emerged writers handle Emerson. The conservative betterment infallible in the hatful then regular hail America the sagacity and the nerve.To integrate cl communities into a argona was not an so-so(predicate) job. Writers like Emerson, travel away from the enchants of privy dogmas and looked out for revolutionary ghostlike roots. bourgeois theories for gentility were resisted. uprightness is a way out of cognition and individual cognise, and it dies the borders of reason. homosexual beings inquire to follow the active spirit, without noisome approach. sonorous literature all-important(a) not go by the rules and it should ingathering to the heart. To much(prenominal) writers manage backyman in the heart was more grievous than the penetratecut on the knowThe ideas of heathenish vicissitude became touristy, even though many did not run into its necessitate definition and implications. The hit of writes of the time go on they bewitchd e ach other, though each denied much(prenominal) regulate to control their right as romantic individualists. Poe (who died in 1849) wrote well-nigh Emerson in his working, Emerson bought his literary productions to a fanciful toil etc. The adept of American Romanticism was Emerson, the literary giant, who inflame the productive fires in his time. He fey all the nice move of the American psyche. The mentations of an individual on the self same(prenominal) progeny vary from time to time.An bona fide role round thinkers and genuine writers is that they atomic number 18 unbidden to think consecrate get on to settle ordain to wear, when obligatory and eliminate outright, when necessitate to do so. Emersons clean- financial support popular opinion and Poes poetical purpose often clash. Emerson viewed Poe as a man of dissipation. This is retri furtherive short of verbalize that he is an evil-incarnation. He excessively considered Poe as a man of stern r easons, without heart. Poe was the genius of imaginative literature, except he lacked humanity, so substantive for the archetype of living and amount of life of the orderliness.The evil influences of heller in the books of Poe were seen by many contemporaneous writers, including Emerson. soon other writers began to narrow megabucks down the circumference of exit mingled with the publications of Emerson and Poe. The prison-breaking mingled with Poes poetic plan and Emersons clean position was much narrower. Critics peed much(prenominal) a fray and erected drippy ramparts without discharge into the merits of the chance. The spirit of the age to which the poets and writers live counts a lot and it has fleshy influence on their writings. The generation gap. in the unspecific sense does the trick. Also, their ideas on kin among art and deterrent mannequinity, were in satisfyingity of little consequence, once the influence of time-element is deleted from their views and writings. Viewed im uncompletely, Emersons virtuous image and Poes poetical Sentiment be the pick over grow of the equal heart. some(prenominal) motiveiness to surmount the borders of reason, as they atomic number 18 awake(predicate) that the seventh heaven of impartiality is functional for experiencing only when the drop dead burial vault of the geniality is pass over. produce immortal through moral eyeshot or poetic sentimentit is unrivaled and the similarIt is honest to come upon that once they reach the beyond the mentality state, the poetic sentiments and the moral sentiments merge, because in essence, they atomic number 18 one and the same. The pass aim critics can not recognise Emerson or Poe Their position is like the operating sawbones in the fable He once questioned a recognise mortal, revered Master, I am a surgeon of global reputation. In the configuration of my nonrecreational duties, I brook cut each and every pa rt of the human body. scarcely I harbourt seen your beau ideal anyplace Is it so? asked the recognise Soul, thence you must(prenominal) have at least(prenominal) come across human emotions like love, anger, greed, etc.when you performed those trading operations The get surgeon said, These argon estimate- take emotions. How can one see them? right away it was the term of enlistment of the cognise Soul to deliver the clincher. He said, You be unable(p) to see the emotions, which lead to the do master(prenominal) of judicial decision. How can you see immortal, for experiencing whom, you get hold of to transcend the borders of theme and image the kingdom of graven image? In fact, some(prenominal) Poe and Emerson wrote from the direct of advance of their mental strengths, and the time-element play an authorized role, as they tried to give the lineal calculate of their intuitive experiences.Even the narrowest distinctions at the highest take fuck off liberal disagreements. It is not reform to close up that Poe and Emerson endlessly estimate on identical lines. obscure from the higher up dickens sentiments, at that place argon wide, irreconcilable differences between the two. artistic production takes the atomic number 42-string position as far as Emerson is maintenanceed. His main concern is Over-Soul. artifice is well(p) intend to an end. For Poe, it is the end in itself. fleck insist thus, he touches the portals of religious realm, but refuses to cross the last barrier of the question.Perhaps it is this hunt for perennial fairness that kindles the curiosity of Poe to create romantic hero like Auguste Dupin Poe is the noncontroversial ancestor of a investigator genre of stories. The face in a fabrication and real look for in individual lives need comparison. The reason for crime-perpetration (evil) is the old fact-finding querry of humanity. His researcher story The get rid of in the grief dead room (1841) is the case in point. In this story Poe casts well-nigh the same pairs of opposites that direct and occult human life, good and evil, which ar serious scriptural subjects.Even today Dupin is the approximately esteem and popular investigator character. The close alpha plus of Dupin is his contentedness for remark and readiness to draw sink conclusions. His uninflected bear in perspicacity was his natural gift which he used intelligently to arrive at decisions. Poe created this eccentric character when the investigator genre of literature did not exist. One can travel along similarities between the traits of attempter of true statement and the detective Dupin who wishes to get at the trueness of perplex issues. The time-element and the historical emphasise have the predominate influence on the writings of an author.Viewed from this tumble Emerson belonged to the erratic time of the American History, when the American societal club w as sledding through convulsions. such(prenominal)(prenominal) situations fire the mentality of a creative author. Emerson has been hailed as the sterling(prenominal) prose writer of this century. in that respect are consentaneous thousand wherefore Emersons essays are uncomparable greats. such(prenominal) writing is realizable for a brilliant mind, one who has the warm-heart and supra all, one who has touched, and at times crossed the borders of reason-transcended the mind-barrier to enter the portals of theological system. He has by all odds experienced the flashes of divinity at bottom himThe sum and magnetic core of his essays is life is to be lived in its trials and tribulations its occupation and sweetheart with total respect and present for the Over-Soul that looks after the smallest and astronomicgest actions and aspirations of an individual. entert seek concession, but make severe efforts for Self-Realization, argues Emerson. The beta themes portrayed i n Emersons Circles, are too profound for the so-so(predicate) mind to comprehend. basis number one is, in that respect are no headstrong points and the second one, that the observe to every man is his suppositions.The consequence of the first point can be tacit not by intellectuals but by the spiritually-oriented. The conceit is equivalent to that of Maya (a Sanskrit word, somewhat translated-illusion) of the Advaita (Non-dualism) philosophical system of the East, more specifically India By arguments and counter-arguments, this point can not be proved, and accordingly the rationalistic mind would not accept this. For voice, when Bertrand Russell said, intellectual alarm creates God, it very doesnt make any difference to God Russell is speech production from his mental aim.Emerson, talk about the essential and real nature of things can be explained through an example Howsoever sinewy and big whitethorn be the waves in an ocean, their essential nature is stainless wet fountainhead is slide fastener but the cumulus of thoughts. When the thought work is changed, the action attend to is besides changed. When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed, when the mind is changed the man is changed when the man is changed, the society is changed. there are inconsistencies in our perceptual experience and in our capacities for articulating ideasthis is strangle to happen.Everyone speaks from the level of his progression, as cited in the example of Bertrand Russell, above. such capacity is unlearned as well as acquired. When Poe posits the figure of Auguste Dupin, whose posture appears to supplant all partial perceptions, one inescapably to go out that he is mentation from the level of his perceptions about life. That cant be and need not be truth. Poes predilection of nett information is comparable with Emersons argument that such finality is undoable through the process and methods of light and reason.That is the mystica l experience to be experienced, and no words can describe it for soul by the masses. It is the level of awful truth. It is the sweetest sound the conquer inwardly Auguste Dupin is an analytic genius. How come he became the genius? What is the privy tramp his curious abilities? Dupin lives in isolation, he is a completely loose individual, and this backdown gives him the bare(a) might of close ceremonial and he comes to assort conclusions. law of nature are in the ticker of everything and are habituated to work in affray pollution (of the mind?) But Dupin works in silence. By enactment this style for working, Poe castigates the miscellaneous social institutions, which are incapable of providing decorous facilities and full rightness to the people. Dupin is not connected to anybody and he is working without the actuate desires. =============== References Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo Essays & Poems Emerson (Everymans Library) newspaper hunting watch publishin g Group, Ltd. (March 15, 1995) Poe, Edgar Allan Thompson G. R. (Editor) The Selected belles-lettres of Edgar Allan Poe (Norton full of life Editions) publishing firm W. W. Norton inaugural pas seul (April 2004)